[Read Full-Text] Traditional approaches view metaphor as a semantic/pragmatic phenomenon that occurs at a conceptual level as mappings between independent concepts. These conceptual mappings are then lexicalized into observed metaphoric expressions. In this view, the lexical and grammatical structure of a metaphoric expression is not relevant to the underlying metaphor’s level of productivity. This paper … More Ontological and Grammatical Constraints on Metaphor Productivity

[Read full-text: Gradient semantic intuitions of metaphoric expressions] Metaphoric expressions are not all equal, in the sense that some are intuitively more or less metaphoric than others. Part of this intuition is influenced by the underlying metaphor, but another part is influenced by the linguistic expression which carries that metaphor. This paper puts forward a … More Gradient Semantic Intuitions of Metaphoric Expressions

[Read full-text: What metaphor identification systems can tell us] [Data: https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B6oBPlj4dynZR3ZOZWd0bm54NTQ%5D This paper evaluates four metaphor identification systems on the 200,000 word VU Amsterdam Metaphor Corpus, comparing results by genre and by sub-class of metaphor. The paper then compares the rate of agreement between the systems for each genre and sub-class. Each of the identification … More What Metaphor Identification Systems Can Tell Us About Metaphor-in-Language

[Read full-text: Evaluating the premises of metaphor identification systems] [Data: https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B6oBPlj4dynZcWttNnhPblRjZ0k%5D This study first examines the implicit and explicit premises of four systems for identifying metaphoric utterances from unannotated input text. All four systems are then evaluated on a common data set in order to see which premises are most successful. The goal is to … More Evaluating the Premises and Results of Four Metaphor Identification Systems

[Read full-text: How linguistic structure influences metaphoric meaning] [Data: https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B6oBPlj4dynZLUJBemk5djlzN28%5D This paper argues that two properties of the linguistic structure of an utterance influence and partially determine whether the utterance has a metaphoric meaning that results in a stable interpretation: (i) degree of metaphoricity and (ii) degree of metaphoric saturation. A majority of metaphoric utterances … More How Linguistic Structure Influences and Helps To Predict Metaphoric Meaning

[Read full-text: Language-independent metaphor identification] [Data: https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B6oBPlj4dynZTC0yX2Q0M0lyODQ%5D True natural language understanding requires the ability to identify and understand metaphorical utterances, which are ubiquitous in human communication of all kinds. At present, however, even the problem of identifying metaphors in arbitrary text is very much an unsolved problem, let alone analyzing their meaning. Furthermore, no current … More Language-Independent Ensemble Approaches to Metaphor Identification

[Read full-text: Multi-dimensional abstractness in cross-domain mappings] [Data: https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B6oBPlj4dynZNXdaYXFxTXZqTmc%5D Metaphor is a cognitive process that shapes abstract target concepts by mapping them to concrete source concepts. Thus, many computational approaches to metaphor make reference, directly or indirectly, to the abstractness of words and concepts. The property of abstractness, however, remains theoretically and empirically unexplored. This … More Multi-Dimensional Abstractness in Cross-Domain Mappings

[Read full-text: Measuring metaphoricity] [Data: https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B6oBPlj4dynZbWxmc2xFaThwT28%5D This paper presents the first computationally-derived scalar measurement of metaphoricity. Each input sentence is given a value between 0 and 1 which represents how metaphoric that sentence is. This measure achieves a correlation of 0.450 (Pearson’s R, p <0.01) with an experimental measure of metaphoricity involving human participants. While … More Measuring Metaphoricity

[Read full-text: Abstractness and metaphoricity] [Data: https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B6oBPlj4dynZZmxQWDV5dlV1eHc%5D This paper presents and evaluates a model of how the abstractness of source and target concepts influences metaphoricity, the property of how metaphoric a linguistic metaphoric expression is. The purpose of this is to investigate the long-standing claim that metaphoric mappings are from less abstract concepts to more … More Modeling Abstractness and Metaphoricity

[Read full-text: Three types of metaphoric utterances] [Data: https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B6oBPlj4dynZOWlqdGhmQ0NFRFk%5D This article argues that there are three types of metaphoric utterances that can be defined by (a) the contextual stability of the utterance’s interpretation and (b) the presence or absence of a conceptual source–target mapping. Evidence for these three types of metaphoric utterances comes from introspective … More Three Types of Metaphoric Utterances That Can Synthesize Theories of Metaphor